The paper presents a formulation of reinforced concrete, layered, degenerate shell elements. The formulation takes into consideration three-dimensional states of stress and strain throughout the element. It was developed with the aim of creating a finite element which can be used for the global analysis of reinforced concrete shell structures subjected to high transverse shear stresses. The formulation requires the implementation of a three-dimensional constitutive model for concrete and allows the use of out-of-plane reinforcement in the elements. By taking into consideration three-dimensional stress and strain states, the elements can model the influence that the in-plane stresses have on the transverse shear deformations and the influence of transverse shear stresses on the capacity of shell structures. The formulation was verified against experimental results. The specimens analyzed were shell panels subjected to out-of-plane and in-plane shear stresses.

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